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The second important question to answer with regard to the potential use of renewable energy to curb carbon emissions is how much African countries value this consideration. This question can be answered by looking first at the marginal contribution of Africa’s electricity sector to greenhouse gas emissions. As indicated in Table 4.1, this contribution remains rather small. On an aggregate scale, Africa contributed less than 3% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2008. The electricity sector contributes an even lower proportion of about 1%. The outlook shows a trend that is only slightly different, with Africa’s aggregate emissions expected to reach 3.15% of global emission by 2030 under a business as usual scenario (source: International Energy Agency). Adopting clean energy solutions is expected to decrease this proportion to 2.74%. In a nutshell, the impact on global scale is small. But African economies are highly heterogeneous when it comes to climate change effects. For instance, South Africa, the largest CO2 emitter on the continent, is also the 12th largest contributor on a global scale by measure of stock of annual emissions; 10th largest by measure of emissions per capita (UNFCC, 2000). And the bulk of the country’s emissions come from the coal- based electricity generation system. Coal-based plants contributed over 90% of the country’s electricity output in 2011; and the ongoing addition of two of the world’s largest coal power plants will increase this share. In the context of a country like South Africa, renewable energy can make a significant contribution to improving the continent’s carbon footprint. But overall, climate change considerations are generally not as high a priority as access, cost and energy security considerations in determining the adoption of wind energy. Table 4.1: Greenhouse Gas Emission from Power Generation World CO2 Emissions, mt 29,259 35,436 World CO2 Emission for Power Generation, mt 11,918 14,903 Africa CO2 Emissions, % of total emissions 3% 3.12% Africa Emissions from Power Generation, % of total emissions 1.3% 1.39% Africa CO2 Emissions from Power Generation, % of total power emissions 3.2% 3.31% Source: International Energy Outlook 2010 4.4 Business Environment Considerations 40,008 17,416 3.15% 1.41% 3.23% 2008 2020 (e) 2030 (e) A legal framework defining investment parameters is a perquisite to the development of the clean energy sector. To our knowledge, 12 African countries have set up regulations and laws of reasonable scope on renewable energy, such as the 2009 Renewable Energy Development Law N. 13.09 passed in Morocco which set the pace for greater off-grid capacity and allowed a stronger presence of independent power producers in the wind and solar energy industries. Morocco has also established a framework to enhance self-production of renewables by energy intensive industries, including increasing the production limit from 10 MW to 50 MW in 2007. Table 4.2 outlines the main regulatory measures that were used by African countries to promote renewable energy. Analyzing the array of wind projects in Africa against the regulatory framework in respective countries puts into perspective the importance of establishing clear frameworks to promote the development of renewable energy. We find that about 88% of the completed and pipeline projects are located in countries with a market and existing regulatory frameworks for renewables. Yet, the assessment also shows that regulation is not a condition sine qua non for the development of wind farms, as 11 projects have been undertaken in countries without clear renewable energy frameworks. Interestingly however, 23PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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