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out of the 11 projects that were developed in countries without policies, only 2 projects (Cabeolica and Njiapanda wind farms) received private funding. These projects also had strong DFI support, which possibly explains their success in mobilization of private investors. This suggests that private investors remain reluctant to engage in countries that lack frameworks regulating the industry. Table 4.2: Renewable Energy Promotion Policies in Africa Capital subsidies, grants, rebates Investment or other tax credits Sales tax, energy tax, excise tax or VAT reduction Public investment, loans or financing Public competitive bidding Feed-in tariff (FiT) Country Algeria x Egypt Ethiopia Ghana x Kenya x Mauritius x Morocco Rwanda x South Africa x x Tunisia x Uganda x x Zambia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Source: Author’s compilation based on data from REN 21 and IEA/OECD 2010 Renewable Database The existence of legal frameworks does not however guarantee sector development. While the presence of legislation is crucial, its quality is decisive. In this respect, Tunisia presents an interesting case. Prior to 2009, wind projects had been developed through the government which used the national power agency (Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz – STEG) as the sole entry point into the market. Projects were promoted as public-private-partnerships under an existing legal framework that did not allow private sponsors to implement projects on their own. In 2009, a law allowing for captive production or the so-called auto-production by private entities was passed. In theory, this law put the premises for the private sector to develop projects. In spite of this law, projects have not taken off for a core reason: there were few or no private firms that could afford to build wind farms for their own consumption, or had the knowhow to engage into such investments. At the same time, industry groupings could not get together to build wind farms either as they were faced with a billing issue: creating an ad-hoc company to manage the farm and billing the grouping’s members for consumption would violate the National Electricity’s company monopoly on power distribution. Given the cost disadvantage still faced by wind energy relative to conventional energy resources, we take a closer look at the pricing mechanisms adopted to promote private investments in wind energy in Africa. As indicated in Annex 3, five countries have adopted the feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism to promote clean energy. This sets a guaranteed off-take price for power producers selling to utility companies, and is designed to reflect costs and benefits of particular technologies. The main advantage of the FiT mechanism is predictability. However, it eliminates price competition, which is necessary to eventually bring down the cost to utilities of procuring renewables. Experiences have however shown that alternative pricing methods can work just as well. For example, neither Egypt nor Morocco has adopted the FiT, choosing instead to apply a two-stage process including competitive bidding as a pre-FiT stage, and direct negotiation, respectively. The latter often 24PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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