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physically driven states that can make simple economic and financial comparisons between wind projects versus non-renewable energy projects difficult. In addition, pricing that does not take into account all externalities related to renewable energy investments presents an inherent bias against wind projects. Lack of regulatory frameworks and experience in the field constitute additional impediments. Ultimately, this introduces an important dilemma for African countries: whether to invest in what appears in the short-term to be reliable and more cost-efficient power generation based on fossil fuels, or to invest in wind energy that is unstable, capital intensive and requires development of regulations and schemes to cater for what is still a relatively nascent field. Considering the urgency with which African governments must address electricity deficits and Africa’s limited global carbon footprint, the former solution will most likely be adopted. Overall, the analysis provided in the paper shows that wind-based electricity has limited potential to address the issue of electricity access in Africa on its own. Only countries which could develop large, robust and ‘smart’ grids, i.e. with high self-adjustment capacity, are poised to fully capture the benefits of wind-based electricity. 5.2 Policy Implications The following policy recommendations emerge from the discussions included in the paper: The designation of a national entity dedicated to the promotion of renewable energy should be encouraged. Country experience shows that having national champions helps develop the sector by offering a single focal point for regulation, financing and oversight. In some instances, local agencies could be created but this is not the only route to promote the sector since well-established utilities or divisions within them could play that role ensuring policy continuity. While designating local champions should be the responsibility of local governments, DFIs could assist by making sure government agencies have the right capacity to oversee the industry’s development. This calls for DFI’s greater involvement in capacity building programs. Experience shows that private investors are willing to invest in the sector as long as a clear regulatory framework is in place and wind resources are geo-referenced to gauge feasibility. The public sector therefore has a vital role to play in creating a conducive environment to attract private investors while at the same time investing in upstream operations such as feasibility studies that would pave the way for further sectorial development. DFIs should leverage their global experience to help countries design clear procurement frameworks, adopt best practice in the sector and undertake reforms aimed at facilitating private sector engagement. Countries with sizeable wind energy markets such as Egypt, Morocco and South Africa, should design and implement robust policies to encourage local manufacturing of wind turbine components. Local manufacturers should be supported by governments and development partners to make them more competitive and able to bid for large scale projects. It has been shown in the paper that African manufactures of wind turbines are still few in number with almost no footprint on the market as all the technology that has been used on the projects is imported. Experience from emerging markets in the industry has shown that government intervention, as policy makers or even financiers, is key for a sustainable manufacturing industry. Interventions to develop the sector should be adapted to country contexts. Country experiences show that wind energy markets face different constraints and could be developed using different paths. While 27PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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