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corresponding increase in systems packaging complexity for additional inlet and outlet piping (7, 8). For example, the power turbine for the large-scale Echogen supercritical carbon dioxide heat engine uses a 0.24-meter (9.5-inch) turbine impeller to produce enough electrical power for approximately 8,000 homes. The high density of sCO2 on both sides of a recuperating heat exchanger for service in an Echogen heat engine permits the use of highly compact, microchannel-based heat exchanger technology. A comparison of the physical layout and weight for a shell and tube versus a highly compact heat exchanger of comparable overall heat duty is summarized in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of Shell & Tube and Highly Compact HX Technologies Recuperator Type Dimensions (m) [in] Weight (kg) [lbs] Shell & Tube 4-shells, 0.25 dia. x 6.09 lg. [10 dia. X 240 lg.] 7,711 [17,000] 969.78 [2,138] Highly Compact 0.58 x 0.58 x 0.58 Microchannel [23 x 23 x 13] Carbon dioxide also more effectively captures waste heat from sources that have an approximately constant heat capacity, such as turbine exhaust or other hot gases. This is due to the character of its heat capacity in the supercritical region which provides superior matching to the heat source temperature profile compared to the boiling process utilized with other working fluids such as steam or organic working fluids used in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems. As shown in Figure 4, the so-called pinch point occurs during the constant-temperature phase change from water into steam which limits the maximum fluid temperature, and resulting cycle efficiency for steam-based waste heat recovery and power generation technologies. This Figure 4: Unlike steam (left), supercritical CO2 (right) is a single-phase fluid during heating in the exhaust heat exchanger resulting in higher fluid temperatures and cycle efficiencies. 5PDF Image | Echogen Power Systems SCO2
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