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phenomenon is not encountered in the heat exchange process with supercritical CO2 due to its single-phase characteristics well above the critical point, which permits a higher fluid temperature to be achieved for the same heat source. The boiling process in steam systems limits the maximum fluid temperature and requires multiple pressures (e.g., double and triple- pressure HRSG systems) to achieve close approach to the exhaust or flue gas temperature. The Echogen Cycle enables single phase heat transfer resulting in improved heat exchanger effectiveness while reducing exhaust heat exchanger size and cost (9, 10). The single phase nature of supercritical CO2 allows for the design of simple, single phase, single pressure exhaust heat exchangers with low gas-side pressure drop. Due to the superior thermal stability and non-flammability of CO2, direct heat exchange from high temperature sources is possible, permitting higher working fluid temperature (and thus higher cycle efficiency). With proper material selection and heat exchanger design, the sCO2 system is also capable of “dry- running,” where the main process can operate uninterrupted when the heat recovery system is not operating, thus eliminating the diverter and bypass stack. EXEMPLARY SYSTEM TRADE STUDY Echogen is currently building the EPS100, a 6 to 8+ MWe thermal engine (depending upon the size of the heat source), which is designed for large industrial, fuel-fired utility and concentrating solar thermal utility applications. The EPS100 uses supercritical CO2 and incorporates a patent-pending, advanced power cycle that maximizes utilization of exhaust thermal energy by reducing the exhaust temperature to a minimum practical limit. The EPS100 thermal engine will be used for the exemplary system trade study. Heat recovery steam generators Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) are water to steam boilers which capture or recover waste heat from the exhaust of a combustion turbine, fuel-fired reciprocating engine as a combined cycle or fuel-fired duct burner to create steam (11). In a combined cycle plant, this steam is expanded through a turbine for conversion into mechanical, and then electrical power. HRSGs consist of four major components: evaporator, superheater, economizer and water preheater. The evaporator consists of banks of tubes are mounted in the exhaust stack where gases at 427°C to 650°C (800°F to 1,200°F) heat the tubes. Water is pumped and circulated through the tubes and can be held under high pressure to temperatures of 188°C (370°F) or higher to produce steam. HRSG's are typically found in combined cycle power plants or at other steam-intensive industries such as pulp and paper processing and chemical processing. Numerous suppliers exist globally that offer HRSG hardware and turnkey systems as part of their larger product offerings in power generation and pollution abatement. Modular HRSGs are categorized by the number of pressure levels – either single pressure or multi-pressure. Single pressure HRSGs have only one steam drum and steam is generated at single pressure. A double-pressure HRSG (DP-HRSG) system consists of a low pressure (LP) 6PDF Image | Echogen Power Systems SCO2
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