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β’ CCGT with Echogen EPS100 bottoming cycle and wet cooling (sCO2 wet) β’ CCGT with Echogen EPS100 bottoming cycle and dry cooling (sCO2 dry) The expression for LCOE is: LπΆππΈ = (π½βπΆ)/(πβπ») + π/π + ππ/π» + πβππ(π£,π) Where:π½ = Levelized carrying charge factor or cost of money πΆ = Total plant cost (USD $) π» = Annual operating hours π = Net rated output (kW) π = Levelized fuel cost (USD $/kWh) π = Net rated efficiency of the combined-cycle plant (LHV) ππ = Fixed O&M costs (USD $/kW-yr) (π£,π) = Variable O&M costs for baseload operation (USD $/kWh) π = Maintenance cost escalation factor (1.0 for baseload operation) The levelized carrying charge factor was calculated based on a 4 percent nominal discount rate (18) as recommended by the US DOE EERE office for 2010-2011, and a 20-year equipment lifetime. Plant cost was the owners total cost estimated for a US market by GT-PRO/PEACE for SC and CCGT, and comparable estimates for the sCO2 plant. To calculate total net rated output (PΒ·H), performance models were run using three different sets of climate design conditions from the ASHRAE database to represent a range of annual outdoor conditions typically found in the U.S.: temperate (Akron OH), hot with low relative humidity (Phoenix, AZ), and hot with high relative humidity (Houston, TX). Two different duty cycles were also assumed, βbaseloadβ (8,000 hours, 50 start/stop cycles per year), and a once per day cyclic operation (3,500 hours, 250 start/stop cycles per year). The startup time of each system was also accounted for by derating the system output during initial operation. Operation and maintenance costs were calculated based on reduction in personnel costs due to lower head count required on site, and elimination of boiler feedwater treatment costs. Periodic top-off of CO2 due to seal and other fugitive leakage was included, but has a minimal impact on operating costs. Several models were prepared assuming natural gas fuel costs for the gas turbine ranging from USD $5.50/MCF to USD $3.50/MCF to better understand the impact of fuel cost on overall plant performance and resulting LCOE. The modeling results are presented in Figure 8 for baseload 10PDF Image | Echogen Power Systems SCO2
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