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2.4 Stirling Engine Figure 6 - Stirling Cycle and Schematic Stirling and Ericsson engines have been in existence since the mid-19th century (invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling) and while thousands were deployed commercially to provide pumping power to farms, they have seen limited commercial deployment in modern biomass CHP projects. Stirling engines are heat engines that utilize a temperature differential to create mechanical motion. They operate on a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle whereby a fixed amount of gas is contained within a sealed engine. Continuous expansion and contraction of the gas and the associated pressure change drives pistons and turn a shaft connected to a generator. Heat transfer between the working fluid and the heating and cooling sources is through the cylinder wall and the efficiency of this heat transfer is the limiting performance factor. The greater the temperature differential between the heating and cooling sources the greater the electrical production. Stirling Power STM Power was a Stirling engine maker based in Michigan with over 25 years of experience and had been developing a 25 kWe PowerUnit when the company failed in 2007. Its technology was acquired by Stirling Biopower which is now proposing to produce a single design unit capable of up to 45 kWe at a claimed efficiency exceeding 25%. This engine is still under development. Stirling DK The market leader in commercial deployment of biomass compatible CHP Stirling engines is Stirling DK. Stirling DK, based in Denmark, installed sixteen engines throughout Europe with a rating of 35 kWe and 140 kWth. The Stirling DK system was based on using a downdraft gasifier to produce syngas which was burned “raw” in a boiler produce flue gas at temperatures of ~1100- 1200 C. The heat exchanger for the Stirling engine sat inside the boiler for maximum heat transfer. This approach allowed a wide latitude in fuel quality with minimal fouling on the heat exchanger due to the use of relatively clean syngas as the actual “engine”. Stirling DK used helium as the fluid inside the sealed engine at pressures of 4.5 MPa. All Stirling DK systems were essentially custom manufactured in their facility in Denmark and the economics were sufficiently poor that the company is no longer in business. 20PDF Image | Evaluation of Commercially Available Small Scale Biomass Electrical Generation Technologies Appropriate to the Yukon
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