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MICROGRIDS: INSOURCING MORE RELIABLE ENERGY RESOURCES TO CONNECTICUT TOWNS AND CITIES FIRST DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY If one energy user installs a CHP system that is large enough to cover the electrical demands of its facility, then the possibility exists that the system will generate more thermal energy than can be used to meet total heating and/or cooling demands during times of peak electrical demand. The sharing of thermal energy within defined urban districts is commonplace in the United States and in other industrial countries, which allows for significant savings in energy and maintenance costs as well as reductions in harmful air emissions to those who participate in them. For example, Hartford has a district heating system. Therefore, a microgrid design for one facility may serve the heating and/or cooling demands of neighboring energy users. This has the potential to create a source of revenue for the microgrid while also meeting the goal of community involvement by providing critical and life-sustaining services to neighboring organizations and individuals. In many locations recycling the heat produced by local generation elevates the economic and environmental efficiency of the microgrid. In a few other locations, however, thermal loads may be relatively small, or the cost of laying pipes to distribute hot or chilled water may not be worth the investment. In that situation, microgrids can still harvest the heat, and use it to produce additional electricity. For larger microgrids (at least 10 megawatts), the recycled heat from gas turbines can produce steam, which can then used in a turbine to produce electricity. This approach is a miniature version of new, highly efficient “combined-cycle” natural gas plants, but sized at the smaller community scale. More recently, smaller microgrids (2 to 10 megawatts) can use a technology called Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) to convert recycled heat into electricity. For example, Connecticut’s United Technologies provides affordable ORC systems that effectively increase the efficiency of a natural gas engine by almost 20%. Proposals currently before both the U.S. Congress and the Connecticut PURA will enable ORC to share in the incentives received by other zero- emissions energy generation technologies. The result of adding ORC is a clean, highly- efficient package for community-scale electric-only microgrids, with a bit of leftover heat available for hot water or similar uses. There are economically viable means whereby communities can insource fuels by converting local waste streams into microgrid feed stocks A new source of fuel for microgrids is local biomass gas. New relatively clean technologies for gasifying wood and other organic materials, biodigesting human waste, and using plasma arcs to gasify medical and solid wastes suggests that instead of paying tipping fees for disposal, communities will now look to turn waste streams into microgrid feed stocks. The avoided tipping fees, which can be particularly high for specialty refuse such as medical waste, will tend to drive down both the carbon footprint and the net cost of microgrids. Page 9PDF Image | MICROGRIDS
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