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MICROGRIDS: INSOURCING MORE RELIABLE ENERGY RESOURCES TO CONNECTICUT TOWNS AND CITIES FIRST DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Therefore, in the North American transmission system, electricity can use multiple paths to travel from one location to another. Furthermore, electricity can flow two ways in transmission systems. This structure allows high-voltage transmission systems to accommodate generation sources from multiple locations. On the other hand, medium voltage distribution systems still resemble star structures that radiate outward from substations to end users and transmit electricity only one-way. Known as a "radial" and “loop” networks, this topology is used in 80% of all distribution systems worldwide and 99% of distribution systems in the U.S. Such topological differences between the transmission and distribution systems are part of the reason why interconnections between merchant plants to the transmission grid appear technically easier than the interconnections between smaller-scale distributed generators and the distribution grid. Distribution utilities have a legitimate concern about maintaining system stability when too much of power enters the system below the substation level (the “penetration depth” issue), and about the fault current contribution of a microgrid to their grid, especially the extent to which microgrid fault currents could electrocute line workers during a grid outage or damage substations. Consequently, most states have prudently and correctly restricted the interconnection of a large amount of distributed generation to utility distribution grids, such that when the utility grid experiences an outage, the microgrid must shut down also. This greatly reduces the reliability benefit of microgrids for the customer and curtails their adoption to address security and reliability needs of critical infrastructure. Synchronizing microgrids in a high-voltage transmission network is complex and expensive and proposals to rebuild distribution network to do so are not realistic On the high voltage transmission networks, engineers have successfully installed two large synchronized microgrids in New York City and a 50 MW microgrid to serve the US Food and Drug Administration in White Oak, Maryland, each of which has demonstrated the ability to operate during grid outages. Reportedly, the University of Connecticut also has a microgrid interconnected at high-voltage that seems to have remained operating during last year’s storm-related power outages. Whereas a microgrid that can produce power at below grid rates will generally cost less than $5,000 per KW to build, synchronized microgrids interconnected at high voltage have cost at least 40 percent more. These microgrids also required lengthy and expensive interconnection applications to the grid utility companies. Finally, these microgrids do not have the ability to add new modules without completing new interconnection applications. Many proposals for re-architecting distribution grids to behave more like transmission networks for controlling and dispatching distributed generators do not seem realistic. The chart below shows all of the distribution system disturbances that may now lead to Page 15PDF Image | MICROGRIDS
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