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well, causing transmission issues or they would have to be pumped from beneath the city of Kotzebue, solving transmission problems but creating subsidence and/or contamination hazards for city residents; 2) Because geopressurized fluids are “formation” or “connate” waters, they are not renewable resources in the sense that hydrothermal fluids are renewable. Because these fluids are a finite resource, the lifetime of the extractability would be relatively limited; 3) Thermal exchange between a hot well and thick permafrost layers could also result in ground instability. An engineering/technical study would help elucidate these issues. Conclusions and Future Work Priorities Theoretically, most of the known hot springs in the NANA region could be used for heat and/or power using a plant similar to the one at Chena Hot Springs (see www.yourownpower.com). It is important to note that almost no data has been generated since the 1980s for these or any other hot springs. However, all of the hot springs discussed in this report are significantly far from population centers (40 miles or further), making electric transmission costs the main barrier to geothermal development at this time. Even if geothermal energy, either in the form of electricity or heat, could not be economically moved from remote hot spring sites to communities, other development opportunities exist. One geothermal development scenario that has been suggested for NANA region hot springs is the construction of on-site greenhouses directly using the heat of the hot springs. In light of what is known at the present time, it is the recommendation of the authors that NANA focus on two hot springs sites for future geothermal work: Granite Mountain and Division. This is because both Division and Granite Mountain hot springs are the only two known hot springs in the NANA region located within 45 miles of a community, and because the possibility that the hydrothermal fluids at Granite Mountain hot springs could extend in the subsurface northeast towards the village of Buckland. Future work should include: 1) further exploration at each site, outlined below; 2) economic and/or technical feasibility studies of geothermal development at each site. It is recommended that field expeditions to both Granite Mountain and Division hot spring sites be undertaken during 2009. Recommendations for further geothermal exploration in the NANA region are listed in “phase 2” and “phase 3” below. Phase 1 consists of this report, based on review of literature and other data available to date. It is assumed that the more advanced, and costlier, recommendations of phase 3 would proceed only if the data collected during phase 2 exploration activities looks promising. Phase 2. Exploration Recommendations: 1. Remote sensing study of Granite Mountain and Division hot springs regions. Purpose: identify thermally anomalous areas. Information from satellite imagery, such as the thermal images obtained from the Landsat 7 satellite and/or airborne instruments, could be a useful prospecting tool for NANAGAP. The images, or “scenes,” should be processed for maximum thermal resolution and evaluated to determine fracture density north of Granite Mountain and possibly to determine the subsurface lateral extent of Granite Mountain geothermal area. One potential problem with a remote sensing study is that many hot spring areas in the 17PDF Image | US Department of Energy Tribal Energy Program
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