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This brine was probably below 0°C according to the report. Additionally, below the permafrost base, brackish water which increased in salinity with depth was also encountered, also in silt and clay. Bedrock was not reached, and in fact bedrock is expected to be quite a bit deeper in this region (up to several thousand feet). Because these intra-permafrost aquifers which contained brackish waters are constrained by a relatively non-porous layer above and below (silt and/or clays) as well as ice bonded permafrost, if the aquifer is closed (i.e. is isolated) with enough porosity to moving water, it would likely pressurize by the aggradating freezing process resulting in the well exhibiting artesian flow characteristics. If one of these layers was encountered during cold conditions which can be expected at any time of year in Kotzebue, the possibly artesian flow could have been interpreted as steaming depending on temperature difference between air temperature and the intra-permatfrost aquifer temperature (around -3.5°F). Bigger temperature differences would generate more (steaming) artesian water. We postulate that this observed ‘steaming’ fluid was misidentified as being hot by witnesses. In any case, there is verifiable evidence of a well drilled in the center of town in Kotzebue (exact coordinates are unknown), which did not encounter geothermal fluids and in fact encountered permafrost to a depth of at least 238 feet. This would make it almost impossible for a significant geothermal resource to exist under the community, as permafrost and near-surface geothermal fluids are generally thought to be mutually exclusive conditions. Figure 1. Approximate site of USGS Well and old hospital building 30PDF Image | US Department of Energy Tribal Energy Program
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