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not historically been accurate for moderate and low-temperature geothermal systems. However, in the past several years there has been an increased focus on more accurately estimating the subsurface temperatures of cooler resources. The silica (SiO2) content of the thermal water samples provides a very good geothermometer for estimating the subsurface temperature of the thermal water, provided it is properly applied. Geothermometers have been developed for 3 polymorphs of silica commonly found in rocks – quartz, chalcedony, and opal. It is necessary to apply the proper silica geothermometer, such as quartz or chalcedony, to the geothermal system in question. The opal geothermometer can very seldom be applied and is not further discussed. Between about 100 and 120 0C is where the transition from utilization of the lower temperature chalcedony geothermometer to the quartz geothermometer occurs making it unclear as to which is the appropriate one to use for any given geothermal system in this temperature range. Compounding this problem is the relatively high pH of the thermal waters shown on Table 1. A thermal water with a pH much above 8.0 requires a correction for the dissociated silicic acid in the waters. This is a recently developed correction factor. A variety of silica predicted temperatures are shown on Table 2 giving the entire range of possible subsurface temperatures. The near neutral pH of the Granite Mtn hot springs makes any pH correction very small. Unfortunately, the chalcedony geothermometer of 88 0C is the silica geothermometer most likely to be correct as the temperature is less than 120 0C. This is 40 0C greater than the maximum surface temperature that was measured in September, 2009. Sample Surface Temp (C) Quartz (C) Calcedony (C) Quartz (C) (pH corr) Chaldedony (C) (pH corr) Na-K- (1/3)Ca (C) Na-K- (4/3)Ca (C) 1 Granite Mtn HS 48.2 2 Granite Mtn HS 44.7 3 Granite Mtn Warm Seep 19.4 4 Granite Mtn Warm Seep 10.9 5 Granite Mtn Cold Creek 4.2 6 Granite Mtn. Creek 6.6 below HS 7 Granite Mtn HS 49 8 Lava Creek HS 9 Mt Kachaulk HS 17 10 Kwinuik River HS 11 Clear Creek HS 67 12 Serpentine HS 55 13 Pilgrim HS 60 14 South HS75 67 117 88 116 88 110 80 82 51 122 93 118 90 97 67 137 110 137 110 114 86 116 115 107 82 51 115 97 137 135 87 86 77 51 19 86 67 110 109 110 88 107 87 116 78 99 19 116 75 109 81 80 40 105 72 111 57 146 120 167 163 115 72 Table 2. Common geothermometers applied the Granite Mountain Hot Springs thermal waters utilized by the geothermal industry is the Na-K-Ca variants depending upon the temperature of the water. If 9 The other geothermometer commonly geothermometer which again has two the water is above 120 0C then the Na-K-(1/3)Ca version is utilized, while if the water is below about 100 0C the Na-K-(4/3)Ca variant is utilized. If there is appreciable magnesium (>0.5 or 1PDF Image | US Department of Energy Tribal Energy Program
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