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ppm), then a magnesium correction should be added to this geothermometer. At Granite Mountain no magnesium correction is warranted and so it is not shown on Table 2. The Na-K-(4/3)Ca geothermometer predicts a subsurface temperature of 87 to 88 0C, which happens to be identical the chalcedony geothermometer. The silica and cation geothermometers agree so closely there is little or no reason to expect that subsurface temperatures above boiling can be found in the Granite Mountain geothermal system. The geothermometers for the two warm seep samples collected at Granite Mtn (samples 3 and 4 on Tables 1 and 2) have appropriately reduced values as would be expected for a fluid containing a mixture of hot and cold end members. No stable isotopic analyses were performed on any of the collected samples and no noncondensible gas samples were obtained. 5.0 Heat Flow Assessment Once the escarpment (probable fault) was recognized at Granite Mountain, the heat flow assessment was focused along this feature. Due to weight limitations, only very light hand drills and wooden augurs were flown in to Granite Mtn. A total of 22 holes were drilled over about a half square mile area strung out along the escarpment to determine if the ground was anomalously warm or not. The hand drills could not penetrate bedrock or rocky ground but holes were consistently drilled from 18 to 36 inches below the surface of the tundra. Half inch diameter PVC pipes with caps on the bottom were installed in the holes and then partially filled with water. Temperatures at the bottom of the PVC pipes were measured after the holes had sat for a few hours or overnight. These holes showed that there are anomalous temperatures along most or all of the length of the escarpment. No significant heat was found away from the escarpment. The regional background temperature at depths of 18 to 36 inches was found to be about 33 or 34 0F. Temperatures in the holes along the escarpment ranged from about 40 0F to as high as 55 0F. The temperature data gathered at Granite Mountain are not suitable for determining a temperature gradient which is needed to calculate the actual conductive heat loss of the geothermal system. The size or potential megawatt output of a geothermal resource can be estimated by three different methods with relatively little data available. A theoretical maximum potential output can be determined by the volumetric method developed by the U. S. Geological Survey decades ago. In this method, the amount of heat in a block of earth is largely assumed with commonly used factors. This is a highly unconstrained method and commonly results in a large overestimate of the amount of heat the can actually be recovered. It can be applied before a single hole is drilled. A second method of estimating the possible megawatt output is to drill enough holes to outline the thermal anomaly resulting from the geothermal system and calculate the amount of heat being lost to the surface from the convective and conductive movement of heat. This requires a number of shallow holes in which temperature gradients can be determined. It is empirically known that geothermal resources can be produced at up to about 10 times the amount of the natural heat loss. Therefore this method gives bounds as it is fairly certain that a geothermal resource can be produced at its natural state heat loss. 10PDF Image | US Department of Energy Tribal Energy Program
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