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The Values of Geothermal Energy October 2013 Overall CAISO’s fundamental concern is that new VER and distributed resources will displace existing flexible dispatchable capacity and that without sufficient flexible resources in the fleet, the ISO will be unable to reliably operate the grid.11 The Realities of a 21st Century Power System & Variability Variable energy resources are important and feature innovative technologies that will play a prominent role in the transition to a clean energy economy and the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. However these technologies are variable, meaning that although some systems can be fairly predictable, they are not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control of the power plant operator. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing in popularity and abundance as prices fall. A recent white paper and a letter to public officials from the Western Electrical Industry Leaders Group (WEIL), described some of the changes PV variability causes to the U.S. power system. PV generation power output is variable, injecting power at various points along electric distribution lines, which increases the voltage of the distribution lines at the point of interconnection. The output can change significantly over short periods of time due to environmental conditions like cloud movement and fog burn off. As a PV system output fluctuates, it causes voltage swings on these distribution lines.12 Wind power is also an increasingly prominent source of U.S. electricity and an important technology needed for building a clean energy economy to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. However, it also is a variable source of electricity. A number of factors contribute to the variability of wind generation, including actions to reduce the danger to wildlife around the spinning blades. More commonly, matching demand and supply instantaneously alters generation when more energy is produced than the power grid can handle.13 The reality is that today’s energy infrastructure was built for yesterday’s technology, i.e., mostly fossil fuels. The process of synchronizing fluctuating wind or solar power in ever increasing amounts is a challenge to grid operators. The fear is that a power surge could overload and shut down the wires, leading to a drop in voltage on the system, and potentially spreading blackouts through the region and to other parts of the country.14 Flexible Power Despite previous misconceptions, geothermal power has the ability to operate in a flexible mode that can quickly adapt to variability in the power system. Geothermal power plants can provide regulation, load following or energy imbalance, spinning reserve, non-spinning reserve, and replacement or supplemental reserve. In fact, 8 of the 16 MW of geothermal capacity at the Puna Geothermal Venture facility in Hawaii is currently used only to provide ancillary services for grid support and provides identical services as oil- fired resources on the Big Island.15 11 Ibid 12 WEIL 2013 13 Cardwell 2013 14 Ibid. 15 Linvill et al. 2013 11PDF Image | Values of Geothermal Energy October 2013
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