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The Values of Geothermal Energy Table 2: Estimated Emission Levels by Pollutant and Energy Source of Power Plants October 2013 Coal 2200 0.2523 0.5900 0.7200 18.75 0.0367 Dry Steam Source: Climate Registry 2012, EIA 2013e, EPA 2009, EPA 2011, NRC 2010 Flash Binary 396.3 - 0.0000 - - - PM10 - - - SO2 0.0002 0.3500 - N2O 0.0000 0.0000 - Natural Gas 861.1 0.0168 0.1100 0.1200 0.0043 0.0017 [lbs/MWh] CO2 CH4 PM2.5 59.82 0.0000 - The emission most frequently associated with geothermal power production is hydrogen sulfide, a naturally occurring gas in geothermal systems, which oxidizes into sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid when released into the atmosphere. Known for its distinctive “rotten egg” smell, hydrogen sulfide is a natural component of many volcanic and geothermal systems. Today, hydrogen sulfide abatement systems, such as LO-CAT and Stretford, are used extensively throughout the industry and have demonstrated a removal efficiency of more than 99.9%26. Through such systems, hydrogen sulfide is converted to elemental sulfur, which can be used as a feedstock for fertilizers or as a soil amendment. Reliability: Predictable and Long-lasting Geothermal power production represents predictable output and long-lasting resources. Having no reliance upon transitory environmental states such as wind and sunlight, geothermal facilities can produce electricity 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As a result, geothermal power plants have a high capacity factor, demonstrating a level of consistency not found in other sources. The EIA report lists geothermal power as having the highest capacity factor (92%) of all the energy sources discussed, higher even than coal (85%), gas (87%), or biomass (83%). For comparison’s sake, the capacity factors for wind, solar and solar PV are listed as 34%, 20%, and 25% respectively.27 Geothermal power’s reliability is also demonstrated by the longevity of the resource and its history of successful exploitation. The first electricity from geothermal steam was produced in 1904 by Prince Piero Ginori Conti in Larderello, Italy, and it went into operation as the first commercial geothermal power plant in 1913. This field is still producing today. In fact, with the exception of a few years during World War II, this field has been producing continuously for more than a century. Similarly, The Geysers field in California has been exploited consistently since the 1960s, and thanks in part to the wastewater injection practices which were enacted to sustain the resource, this field accounts for approximately one-fifth of the clean energy produced in California today28 Examples such as these demonstrate the dependability of the resource, and the technology used to exploit it. Since geothermal exploitation is focused on harvesting a fluid, underground resource, much of the technology involved is similar to that which has been successfully used for decades in oil and gas drilling. Also, geothermal power is not burdened by many of the integration issues which plague variable energy sources and is compatible with existing transmission technology. 26 Nagl 2009 27 U.S. EIA 2013b 28 Calpine 2012 15PDF Image | Values of Geothermal Energy October 2013
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