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c. Heat Transfer Rates Small temperature differences between the heat source and heat sink lead to reduced heat transfer rates and require larger surface areas. 3.) Chemical Composition a. Temperature Restrictions Waste heat stream chemical compatibility with recovery equipment materials will be limited both at high and low temperatures. b. Heat Transfer Rates Deposition of substances on the recovery equipment surface will reduce heat transfer rates and efficiency. c. Material Constraints and Costs Streams with high chemical activity require more advanced recovery equipment materials to withstand corrosive environments. d.�Operation and Maintenance Costs Streams with high chemical activity that damage equipment surfaces will lead to increased maintenance costs. e. Environmental Concerns Waste heat recovery from exhaust streams may complicate or alter the performance of environmental control and abatement equipment. f. Product/Process Control Chemically active exhaust streams may require additional efforts to prevent crosscontamination between streams. 4.) Applicationspecific Constraints a. Processspecific Constrains Equipment designs are process specific and must be adapted to the needs of a given process. For example, feed preheat systems vary significantly between glass furnaces, blast furnaces, and cement kilns. b. �Product/ Process Control Heat recovery can complicate and compromise process/quality control systems. 5.) Inaccessibility/Transportability a. �Limited Space Many facilities have limited physical space in which to access waste heat streams (e.g., limited floor or overhead space) b. �Transportability Many gaseous waste heat streams are discharged at nearatmospheric pressure (limiting the ability to transport them to and through equipment without additional energy input). c. Inaccessibility It is difficult to access and recover heat from unconventional sources such as hot solid product streams (e.g., ingots) and hot equipment surfaces (e.g., sidewalls of primary aluminum cells). RD&D needs to address these barriers are summarized in Table A. xiv PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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