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2.0 Factors Affecting Waste Heat Recovery Feasibility Evaluating the feasibility of waste heat recovery requires characterizing the waste heat source and the stream to which the heat will be transferred. Important waste stream parameters that must be determined include: • heat quantity, • heat temperature/quality, • composition, • minimum allowed temperature, and • operating schedules, availability, and other logistics. These parameters allow for analysis of the quality and quantity of the stream and also provide insight into possible materials/design limitations. For example, corrosion of heat transfer media is of considerable concern in waste heat recovery, even when the quality and quantity of the stream is acceptable. The following provide an overview of important concepts that determine waste heat recovery feasibility. 2.1 Heat Quantity The quantity, or heat content, is a measure of how much energy is contained in a waste heat stream, while quality is a measure of the usefulness of the waste heat. The quantity of waste heat contained in a waste stream is a function of both the temperature and the mass flow rate of the stream: •• E = mh(t) Equation (1) Where ö is the waste heat loss (Btu/hr); m is the waste stream mass flow rate (lb/hr); and h(t) is the waste stream specific enthalpy (Btu/lb) as a function of temperature. Enthalpy is not an absolute term, but must be measured against a reference state (for example, the enthalpy of a substance at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In this report, the enthalpy of waste heat streams is calculated at atmospheric pressure and two reference temperatures: 77°F [25°C] and 300°F [150°C]. A reference of 77°F [25oC] was used to provide a basis for estimating the maximum heat attainable if a gas is cooled to ambient temperature. The second reference temperature of 300°F [150oC] is more representative of current industrial practices since the majority of industrial heat recovery systems do not cool gases below this value (see Section 2.4 Minimum Allowable Temperature). Although the quantity of waste heat available is an important parameter, it is not alone an effective measure of waste heat recovery opportunity. It is also important to specify the waste heat quality, as determined by its temperature. 2.2 Waste Heat Temperature/Quality The waste heat temperature is a key factor determining waste heat recovery feasibility. Waste heat temperatures can vary significantly, with cooling water returns having low temperatures around 100 200°F [40 90°C] and glass melting furnaces having flue temperatures above 2,400°F [1,320°C]. In order to enable heat transfer and recovery, it is necessary that the waste heat source temperature is higher than the heat sink temperature. Moreover, the magnitude of the temperature difference between the heat source and sink is an important determinant of waste heat’s utility or “quality”. The source and sink temperature difference influences a) the rate at which heat is transferred per unit surface area of heat exchanger, and b) 6PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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