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Temp Range Example Sources Temp (°F) Temp (°C) Advantages Disadvantages/ Barriers High temperature creates Typical Recovery Methods/ Technologies High furnace Copper refining furnace Steel heating furnace Copper reverberatory furnace Hydrogen plants Fume incinerators Glass melting furnace Coke oven Iron cupola 1,4001,500 1,7001,900 1,6502,000 1,2001,800 1,2002,600 2,4002,800 1,2001,800 1,5001,800 450900 7001,000 6001,100 8001,200 4501,100 8401,150 760820 9301,040 9001,090 650980 6501,430 1,3001,540 6501,000 820980 230480 370540 320590 430650 230590 450620 Highefficiency power generation Increased chemical activity/corrosion Furnace load preheating >1,200°F [> 650°C] Transfer to medlow temperature processes Medium Steam boiler exhaust Gas turbine exhaust Reciprocating engine exhaust Heat treating furnace Drying & baking ovens Cement kiln More compatible with heat exchanger materials Combustion air preheat Steam/ power generation Organic Rankine cycle for 4501,200°F [230650°C] Practical for power generation power generation Furnace load preheating, Low For combustion exhausts, lowtemperature heat recovery is impractical due to acidic condensation and heat exchanger corrosion Organic Rankine cycle <450°F [<230°C] Nickel refining furnace Steel electric arc furnace 2,5003,000 2,5003,000 1,3701,650 1,3701,650 Highquality energy, available for a diverse range of enduses with varying temperature requirements Combustion air preheat Basic oxygen furnace Aluminum reverberatory 2,200 2,0002,200 1,200 1,1001,200 increased thermal stresses on heat exchange materials Steam generation for process heating or for mechanical/ electrical work Table 4 Temperature Classification of Waste Heat Sources and Related Recovery Opportunity Exhaust gases exiting recovery devices in gasfired boilers, ethylene furnaces, etc. 150450 70230 Large quantities of low temperature heat contained in numerous product streams. Few end uses for low temperature heat processes Space heating Process steam condensate Cooling water from: 130190 5090 Lowefficiency power generation furnace doors annealing furnaces air compressors internal combustion 90130 150450 80120 150250 3050 70230 3050 70120 Upgrading via a heat pump to increase temp for end use engines air conditioning and refrigeration condensers 90110 200450 90450 3040 90230 30230 Drying, baking, and curing ovens Hot processed liquids/solids High heat transfer rate per unit area 8 feedwater preheating Transfer to lowtemperature Domestic water heatingPDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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