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Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry

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Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry ( waste-heat-energy-tech-opportunities-us-industry )

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demonstrates the relative heat exchanger area required to transfer heat from a hot gas at varying temperatures to liquid water. As shown, there is an inflection point at lower temperatures where the required area for heat transfer increases dramatically. The shape of the curve and the area required will vary depending on the heat transfer fluids, heat transfer coefficient, and desired heat transfer rate. 2.2.2 Maximum Efficiency for Power Generation: Carnot Efficiency Heat sources at different temperatures have varying theoretical efficiency limits for power generation. Maximum efficiency at a given temperature is based on the Carnot efficiency, which is defined as: η =1− TL TH Where TH is the waste heat temperature; and TL is the temperature of the heat sink. Equation (3) The Carnot efficiency represents the maximum possible efficiency of an engine at a given temperature. The Carnot efficiency increases for higher temperatures and drops dramatically for lower temperatures (Figure 2). 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Carnot Efficiency of a Heat Engine 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Difference in Temperature Between Heat Source and Heat Sink (°F) Figure 2 ­ Variation of Carnot Efficiency of Heat Engines as a Function of ∆T Since the temperature of waste heat has a dramatic impact on the feasibility of heat recovery, it is important that an assessment of waste heat opportunities considers both waste heat quantity and quality. In this report, we analyze the quantity of waste heat lost from different processes, but we also analyze the work potential in order to account for variations in waste heat temperatures. The work potential represents the maximum possible work that could be extracted from a heat engine operating between the waste heat temperature and ambient temperatures. This is calculated by multiplying the waste heat by the Carnot efficiency where WP is the work potential of the heat •T• WP =ηE=1− o E Equation(4) T H 9­ Carnot Efficiency (%)

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