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inside the pipe to evaporate. Pressure gradients along the pipe cause the hot vapor to move to the other end of the pipe, where the vapor condenses and transfers heat to the cold gas. The condensate then cycles back to the hot side of the pipe via capillary action. (a) (b) Figure 9 (a) Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger (Source: Turner, 2006), (b) Heat Pipe (Source: PG&E, 1997) 3.1.4 Regenerative/Recuperative Burners Burners that incorporate regenerative or recuperative systems are commercially available. Simpler and more compact in design and construction than a standalone regenerative furnaces or recuperators these systems provide increased energy efficiency compared to burners operating with ambient air. A self recuperative burner incorporates heat exchange surfaces as part of the burner body design in order to capture energy from the exiting flue gas, which passes back through the body. Selfregenerative burners pass exhaust gases through the burner body into a refractory media case and operate in pairs similar in manner to a regenerative furnace. Typically, recuperative burner systems have less heat exchange area and regenerative burner systems lower mass than standalone units. Hence, their energy recovery is lower but their lower costs and ease of retrofitting make them an attractive option for energy recovery. 3.1.5 Finned Tube Heat Exchangers/Economizers Finned tube heat exchangers are used to recover heat from low to mediumtemperature exhaust gases for heating liquids. Applications include boiler feedwater preheating, hot process liquids, hot water for space heating, or domestic hot water. The finned tube consists of a round tube with attached fins that maximize surface area and heat transfer rates. Liquid flows through the tubes and receive heat from hot gases flowing across the tubes. Figure 10 illustrates a finned tube exchanger where boiler exhaust gases are used for feedwater preheating, a setup commonly referred to as a boiler “economizer”. Figure 10 Finned Tube Exchanger/ Boiler Economizer (Source: PG&E 2007) 16 PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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