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3.3.2.3 Direct Contact Condensation Recovery Direct contact condensation recovery involves direct mixing of the process stream and cooling fluid. Since these systems do not involve a separating wall across which heat must be transferred, they avoid some of the challenges of large heat transfer surfaces required for indirect contact units. An example system is shown in Figure 14. As flue gases enter the heat exchanger, they are cooled by cold water introduced at the top of the unit. The heated water stream exits through the bottom of the exchanger and provides heat to an external system. A challenge with direct contact condensation is that the water can be contaminated by substances in the flue gas. Direct Contact Heat Exchanger Boiler Exhaust In, 300°F [149oC] Stack Gas Out, 100110°F [38oC43oC] 9095°F [32oC35oC] 7580°F Feed Water Makeup, 5060°F [10oC16oC] Auxiliary Return, 8090°F [27oC32oC] Auxiliary Supply 130140°F [54oC60oC] [23oC27oC 110120°F [43oC49oC] Feed Water Makeup Figure 14 Direct Contact Condensation Heat Recovery (Adapted from Goldstick, 1986) 3.3.2.4 Transport Membrane Condenser Transport Membrane Condensers (TMCs) are a developing technology for capturing water (along with water’s latent heat) from the water vapor in gas exhaust streams. Water is extracted from the flue gas at temperatures above dew point by employing capillary condensation and recycled into the boiler feedwater. A schematic of the TMC in operation is shown Figure15.19 Like direct contact heat recovery units, TMCs extract hot water directly from the flue gas; however, since TMCs recover the water via transport thorough a membrane, the recovered water does not become contaminated as in a direct contact unit. The technology has been demonstrated for clean exhaust streams in a natural gasfired boiler; however, TMCs require more research in advanced materials before widespread implementation for dirtier waste streams is possible. Needed areas of RD&D for enhancement include TMC strength and resistance to contaminants. 20 PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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