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Figure 15 Transport Membrane Condenser (Source: Liu, 2006) 3.3.2.5 Heat Pumps (Upgrading LowTemperature Waste Heat) Heat exchange technologies described above involve flow of energy “downhill” from a high temperature to a lowertemperature enduse. This can place limitations on opportunities for heat recovery when the waste heat temperature is below the temperature needed for a given heating load. (For example, waste heat may be available in the form of hot water at 90oF [32oC], while hot water at 180oF [82oC] is needed elsewhere in the facility). In such cases, a heat pump may provide opportunities for “upgrading” heat to the desired enduse temperature. Heat pumps use external energy inputs to drive a cycle that absorbs energy from a lowtemperature source and rejects it at a higher temperature. Depending on the design, heat pumps can serve two functions: either upgrading waste heat to a higher temperature, or using waste heat as an energy input for driving an absorption cooling system. Heat pumps are most applicable to low temperature product streams found in process industries including chemicals, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and food processing. Upgrading heat can be economical in some cases depending on the temperature differential required and the relative costs of fuel and electricity. If a facility has a heat load at a slightly higher temperature than the waste heat source, the heat can sometimes be provided more efficiently by a heat pump than if it were obtained from burning additional fossil fuels. Figure 16 displays typical energy losses associated with a heat pump and a steam boiler. In this example, the boiler requires 1.25 million Btu fuel input to provide 1 million Btu of heat. Meanwhile, the heat pump requires an input of only 0.72 Million Btu for electricity generation in conjunction with the 0.78 Million Btu already available from the waste heat stream. The analysis below assumes a coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.5 and a boiler efficiency of 80%. The COP is a measure of heat pump performance, determined from the heat output and work input: COP = Q W Equation (5) 21 PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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