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Table 6 Operating Parameters and Costs for Different Heat Pumps Heat Pump Type Maximum Temperature Lift Installation Costs (US$/kW) by Heat Pump Size 0.5 MW 1 MW 4 MW Electric Motor Closed Compression Cycle Diesel Motor Closed Compression Cycle Mechanical Vapor Recompression Thermal Vapor Recompression Absorption Cycle (Type I, Heat Pump) Absorption Cycle (Type II, Heat Transformer) Source: IEA CADDET 1997 248°F [120°C] 266°F [130°C] 374°F [190°C] 302°F [150°C] 212°F [100°C] 302°F [150°C] 176°F [80°] 194°F [90°C] 194°F [90°C] 450700 320550 520770 390620 520770 390620 240420 300490 300490 104°F Not [40°C] 122°F [50°C] 140°F [60°C] 210270 100120 250290 590680 Available 340390 300350 800900 720830 3.3.2.6 Closed Compression Cycle Maximum Sink Temperature Figure 17 displays an example use of a closed compression cycle to recover heat from cooling water leaving a sterilizer in a dairy plant. The sterilizer in the plant discharges cooling water at 127°F [53°C]. A heat pump is used to lower the temperature of the cooling water, while using the heat extracted to increase the temperature of process water used elsewhere in the plant. The heat pump consists of an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. In the evaporator, energy is transferred from the waste heat source to the refrigerant. Then the refrigerant enters the compressor, where its temperature increases. Superheated refrigerant then enters the condenser and transfers heat to the heat sink. Finally, refrigerant is throttled in an expansion valve before returning to the evaporator. 3.3.2.7 Open Cycle Vapor Recompression These systems use compression to increase the pressure (and consequently the temperature) of waste vapor. Mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) uses a mechanical compressor, while thermal vapor recompression (TVR) uses a steam ejector, and therefore is heatdriven rather than mechanically driven. 23 PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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