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species is a function of the temperature (t). The enthalpy hi(t) of each species can be calculated based on its specific heat capacity and from reference tables. Enthalpy is not an absolute term, but must be measured against a reference state (for example, the enthalpy of a substance at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In this report, the enthalpy of waste heat streams is calculated at two reference temperatures: 77°F (25°C) and 300°F (149°C). A reference of 77°F was used to provide a basis for estimating the maximum heat attainable if a gas is cooled to ambient temperatures. A reference of 300°F was also used, since the majority of industrial heat recovery systems do not cool below this temperature. The mass flow rate of exhaust gases and the mass fraction of each species can be determined from fuel consumption and mass balances, based on reaction equations for the combustion of fuel. Therefore, another way to express Equation A2 would be: • Eex =mfuel⎜• ⎟ where • m fuel is the fuel input ⎜ • ⎟ and is the exhaust gas mass flow rate relative to the fuel ⎝mfuel ⎠ E Ein mfuel hc (A4) (A5) ⎛•⎞ ⎜mex ⎟ ∑ ⎝mfuel ⎠ i (x h (t)) ii ex ⎛•⎞ ⎜mex ⎟ (A3) input (as determined from the combustion equations). Finally, the fraction of waste heat loss relative to energy input can be expressed as: ⎛•⎞ ⎜mex ⎟ ⎜mfuel ⎟ i • mfuel⎜ • ⎟∑(xh(t)) ii ex ex = ⎝ • ⎠ ⎛• ⎞∑ ⎜mex ⎟ (xh(t)) ⎜ • ⎟ i hc ii ex =⎝mfuel ⎠ Where hc is the higher heating value of the fuel. Based on the equations above, the energy content of exhaust gases can be estimated by determining approximate values for the following parameters: • Fuel consumption • Exhaust gas chemical composition and mass flow rate relative to fuel input (calculated based on fuel consumed, assumed quantity of combustion air, and process-specific chemical reactions) • Exhaust gas temperature • Enthalpy hi(t) of each species (calculated) A-2PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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