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Table A1.2 - Assumed Exhaust Gas Compositions Flue Gas Species Volume % Natural Gas CO2 H2O SO2 N2 Coal Oil 15.9% 12.9% 9.7% 7.0% 0.1% 77.0% 11.1% 18.7% 0.0% 0.0% 76.1% 71.6% Exhaust gas mass flow rate (Based on fuel composition shown in Table A1.1 Calculated assuming complete combustion and 10% excess air) The exhaust gas mass flow rate relative to fuel input is given by: •• mfuel = mfuel (A7) ••• mex m fuel + mair Where the mass of air is calculated from combustion reaction equations (e.g. equation A6). 3) Estimate exhaust gas temperature Various processes are carried out at different temperatures; consequently the flue gas temperature varies for different processes. Estimates of typical temperatures were determined from a literature review and interviews with industry experts. Typical temperatures are reported in Table 4 (Section 2) of this report. Additionally, since this report estimates unrecovered waste heat, efforts were also made to estimate temperatures of heat streams exiting heat recovery devices (For example, exhaust temperatures from recuperators in glass furnaces are around 1800°F). 4) Estimate enthalpy, hi(t), of each species at the given temperature For ideal gases, the enthalpy hi(t) of each species is a function of the temperature (t), and can be determined from t hi (t) = ∫Cp,i (t)dt (A8) r Where hi(t) is the enthalpy of the given species at the specified temperature t, r is the reference temperature (either 77°F and 300°F in this analysis), and Cp,I is the specific heat capacity of the species as a function of temperature. Equations for the specific heat of different substances can be found in various tables, such as that shown in Table A1.3. A-4PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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