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Cement Wet Kiln Dry Kiln 19% 10% 18.8 9.4 51% 9.65 No Preheater 26% 16% 20.6 12.8 59% 12.09 51% 7.11 heata Table A2.4 - Estimated Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Losses From Cement Kilns % Fuel % Fuel input Waste Heat Enthalpy (TBtu/Year)b Waste Heat Enthalpy (TBtu/Year)b Carnot Efficiency Maximum Work Potential (TBtu/Year)c input lost lost as waste as waste heata 77°F 300°F Reference Reference 77°F Reference 300°F Reference Preheater 20% 10% 13.9 7.0 Precalciner 21% 11% 29.7 15.1 51% 15.23 44.08 Total 83.1 44.3 a. Based on calculations described in Section A.1. Since cement production also produces CO2 via chemical reactions (about 0.6 Btu/ton), these additional emissions were included in calculations of exhaust gas enthalpy. The calculated percent waste heat lost by wet kilns, preheat kilns, and precalciner kilns varies slightly though these processes were assumed to have the same exhaust temperature. This is because each process has a different average energy consumption, and therefore the ratio of fuel-related emissions to reaction-related emissions varies. Varying exhaust gas chemical composition lead to varying estimates of gas enthalpy. b. Based on energy consumption in Table A 3. c. Maximum work obtainable from a heat engine operating between the combustion exhaust temperature and ambient temperature (77 F) A-9PDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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