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Table B2 Status of Waste Heat Recovery Technologies in the Glass and Cement Industries Glass Melting Furnaces Cement Gasfired Melting Furnaces Oxyfuel Melting Furnaces Cement Kiln Regenerator + + o 1 o 7 n n n 8 Recuperator + + + 1 o 7 n n n 8 Heat Wheel o o 2 n o 7 n n n 8 Passive Air Preheater n n n o 7 n n n 8 Heat Transfer Medium n n n n n n n n n 8 Waste Heat Boiler o + 3 o + 3 + + + 9 Low T Power Cycle x x x 4 x x x 4 o + o 10 Solid State Generation m 5 m 5 m 5 Load Preheat n m n 6 o o o 6 + + + 11 Process Specific/Other + + + 12 Cell key defined on Page B1 1. Regenerators are frequently used in large glass furnaces favored by economies of scale. Smaller furnaces use less efficient recuperators or do not use heat recovery (US DOE Glass Melting Technology , pp. 5254). 2. Though heat wheels have been used in some cases, the gas seals required often cannot endure the harsh temperature conditions associated with glass furnaces. (Wilmott, p. 80) 3. Used unsuccessfully in the US 40 years ago, frequently abandoned due to high levels of sulfate deposition. Currently used in Europe. Technical feasibility is increasing due to automated cleaning methods. (Wishnick) 4. Exhaust temperatures are too high 5. Solid state generation has not yet been used for any industrial exhaust gas heat recovery. 6. Batch and cullet preheat systems are currently commercialized in Europe, but are only used in one location in the US (Greenman). Batch preheat systems are generally considered as options for oxyfuel furnaces. Gasfired furnaces rely on regenerators and 7. Preheating the oxidant is technically possible, but inefficient due to the small volumetric flow rate of the oxidant (Glusing, p. 6). 8. Combustion air preheat with gasgas heat exchangers is possible, but typical use for cement kiln combustion exhaust is preheating meal or power generation. 9. Combustion exhausts are used for steam/power generation in some US plants, but plants typically prefer to use waste heat to preheat meal rather than for power generation. 10. Low temperature power cycles are considered a good option for recovering heat from clinker cooler exhaust. Commercialization status is unclear, though it has been used in at least 1 location in Germany (Heidelberg). 11. It is a common practice to use preheaters to preheat the raw meal. (Portland Cement Association, p. 1226). 12. Recovery from the clinker cooler is a common practice (Worrell, p. 23) B3 Commercial Technical Economic Notes Commercial Technical Economic Notes Commercial Technical Economic NotesPDF Image | Waste Heat to Energy Tech Opportunities in US Industry
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