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I BACKGROUND 1.1 Overview of Energy Consumption and Waste Heat The continuously increasing demand for electric power in the United States, both in absolute terms and as a fraction of the total energy con- sumption, documents the attractiveness of this energy form for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. Presently, the generation of electric energy requires about 30% of the nation's overall energy usage, and this percentage is expected to increase in the future. Table 1.1 shows the nature of this increasing energy demand for both total energy consumption and elec- tricity consumption in the U.S. The large variation in the projected demands cited by different investigators reflects the difficulty in predicting the nation's energy needs. It is clear, nonetheless, that many more power facilities will be required to meet the growing demand for electricity. The two principal sources of electric energy are (1) by the con- version of heat in central steam-electric generating stations (presently about 84% of the total national generation) and, (2) by kinetic energy conversion of falling water in hydroelectric power stations (about 13% presently). Our studies have been concerned with steam-electric power generation where the increase in the number of power plants inherently means large costs (both capital and operating), increased fuel and water consumption, and more environmental impacts. In steam-electric power plants the chemical energy of the prime mover, either fossil or nuclear fuels, is ultimately converted into electric energy. The overall conversion efficiency of these stations, however, is low; on the order of 33% to 40% for modern facilities. This means that 2PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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