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review of possible beneficial uses for these purposes has been given by Cook and Biswas (1974). The problem of beneficial uses with current power plant design practices can be summarized as follows: * Waste heat effluents are usually low grade heac, that is, !t-:r! amounts of water with only small temperature rises are discharged. For example, a typical 000 Mw nuclear plant may discharge 1,500 cfs (55 m3/s) at a temperature rise of 20°F (11°C). On the other hand, requirements for industrial or domestic usage call for much nigher grade heat, i.e., smaller flows a higher temperatures. If higher grade waste hect is to be produced, then the efficiency of any energy conversion process will decline as the steam con- densing temperature is increased. Waste heat is produced throughout the year while most beneficial uses are strongly seasonally dependent. * In summary, beneficial utilization is (with some exceptions, such as space heating in Arctic zones) not an economical proposition. Direct beneficial effects of waste heat within a water body are "open" aquaculture and the use for navigation. "Open" aquaculture relates to the positive effects which accrue from the temperature change within the thermal plume area of a discharge. Commercially desirable species of fish and shellfish may propagate in this area as has been demonstrated by several research and commercial applicaticns. Again, the seasonality poses a problem, as the artificial temperature rise is useful in winter but may be detrimental in the summer. The advantage for navigation stems from the possibility of prolonging shipping seasons by keeping portions of a river free from ice. 7PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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