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1.4 Conversion Efficiency The efficiency of electric power production by either fossil or fission fuels is governed by the thermodynamics of the heat cycle. The ideal or Carnot efficiency is determined by the temperature of the heat source and by the temperature of the surrounding air or water which acts as a heat sink. The ideal efficiency is given by T E .=l1 TTi ; 100 0i) t sourcei wherethetemperaturesaremeasuredonanabsolutescale. Inallmech- anical and thermodynamic processes, the actual efficiency is less than the ideal. With the present technology of the steam-electric cycle, the actual efficiency is about 60% of the ideal. The basic components of steam-electric generating systems by either fossil or nuclear fuel are shown in Figures 1-1 through 1-4. The components to the right of Section A-A in Figure 1-1 are common to all steam-electric systems and these will be described first. Steam, at high temperature and pressure, enters a turbine where energy in the form of shaft-work is removed. The turbine shaft is coupled to a generator which produces electricity, and the spent steam at low temperature and pressure, enters a condenser. In the condenser, the steam is converted to the liquid phase (water) by the continual removal of heat by means of a separate condenser water circulating system. When waste heat carried by condenser cooling water is discharged into an adjacent water body, transfer to the atmosphere occurs over relatively large areas by evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduc- tion. When cooling towers are used, heat is rejected directly to the 11PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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