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atmosphere, primarily by evaporation in wet cooling towers and by con- vection in dry cooling towers. The components to the left of Section A-A in Fig. 1-1 represent a light water nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor (PWK). Heat from the reactor is transferred to a steam generator by means of water in a closed circulating system under a pressure of about 2300 psi. This high pressure prevents boiling of the water in the reactor circuit. Fig. 1-2 shows the components to the left of Section A-A in a boiling water reactor (BWR). In this type of nuclear plant, steam is generated directly in the reactor vessel. oth water and steam are at a pressure of about 1000 psi. In either the PWR or the BWR, the maximum temperature is limited by the heat transfer characteristics at the surface of the fuel rods. Assuming a mean annual temperature of the heat sink at 60°F (520°R) and the heat source temperature at 600°F (1060°R), the ideal efficiency is 51% and the actual efficiency (at 62% of the ideal) is 32%. Fig. 1-3 shows the left-side components of a liquid-metal breeder reactor (LMBR). This type of reactor has been under development but is not in commercial use. It requires one more closed loop circulating system than the PWR and two more than the BWR. Liquid metals such as sodium or a combination of sodium and potassium are used in the reactor coolant loop and in the intermediate loop to the steam generator. Be- cause of the better heat transfer characteristics of liquid metal, in contrast to water, temperatures of the order of 1100°F can be obtained within the reactor vessel. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the LMBR will be higher than that of the BWR or PWR. In addition, the breeder prin- ciple implies that nuclear fuel is produced as a by-product. This comes 13PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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