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about by providing fertile materials in the reactor coolant. Free neutrons produced by the fission reaction are absorbed by the fertile material to produce new fissionable material. The conversion efficiency of the LMBR is in the range of 40 to 42%. Fig. 1-4 shows the left side components of a fossil fuel steam- electric generating plant. In terms of components it is the same as the BWR except that steam is produced in a boiler by the burning of coal, gas or oil. A significant difference is that steam temperatures in a modern fossil fuel station are approximately 1000°F with pressure of 2400 psi. With a heat sink at 60'F (520°R), the ideal efficiency is 64%. New fossil fuel stations achieve about 60% of the Carnot cycle efficiency for an overall thermal efficiency of 37 to 38%. Higher boiler tempera- tures, up to 1100°F, have been used and efficiencies of 40% have been achieved. However, the operating experience at these higher temperatures and pressures (3500 psi) have not been satisfactory. A summary of the conversion efficiency of present and future electric generating sources is shown in Fig. 1-5 (Dieckamp, 1971) as a function of the temperature of the heat source. As indicated, the ultimate high efficiency energy source is the fusion reactor. However, commercial use is not foreseen in this century. 1.5 Heat Rejection to Condenser Water Cooling Systems In order to quantify the heat rejection process, it is appro- priate to review the basic units of energy and power. ENERGY: Watt-hr (WH) = unit of energy, electrical Foot-lb (ft-lb) = unit of energy, mechanical British Thermal Unit (BTU) = unit o energy, thermal 14PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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