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heat required to produce one kilowatt-hour of electrical energy. The heat rejected in the condenser cooling system is somewhat less than the "waste heat" portion of the efficiency equation because of in-plant and stack losses. f it is assumed that these are a constant fraction (represented by 6) of the fuel heat content, then the heat to be disposed of by condenser cooling is given by Heat rejection in cooling water (MWc) = MWe(1-Et-6)/Et (1.4) where MWe = electrical output, in megawatts In a 1000 MWe nuclear (BWR or PWR) plant, Et = 32% and in-plant losses are approximately 6 = 5%, thus, MWc = 1970 MW. This is equivalent 9~ 12 to 6.7 x 10 BTU/hr. or 7.1 x 10 Joule/hr. In a 1000 MW fossil plant, E = 38% and in-plant losses are et estimated at 6 = 15% (because of additional heat loss through the stack); 9~ 12 thus, MW = 1240 MW or 4.2 x 10 BTU/hr, or 4.5 x 10 Joule/hr. c Therfore, the condenser water heat rejection of the conventional nuclear plant is about one and one-half times larger than an equivalent fossil plant. A typical condenser water flow rate for a 1000 MW unit is about e 1500 cubic feet per second (675,000 gallons per minute) or 3.4 x 108 pounds per hour. The temperature rise for the water passing through the condenser is obtained by dividing the heat rejection rate in BTU per hour by the water flow rate in pounds per hour. On the basis of the above numbers, the temperature increase through the condenser is 2°F for the fossil unit and 20°F for the nuclear unit. These figures are based on the current state of technology; however, most authorities see little likelihood of a significant increase in steam power cycle efficiencies within the next decade or two. 17PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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