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1.6 Heat Rejection Systems Heat is transferred within the power plant to cooling water as it passes through the condenser. If a continual supply of new water from an adjacent water body is available to the condenser intake, the process is called once-through cooling. If the cooling water is recirculated and the heat is removed from it through some auxiliary mechanism, the process is called closed-cycle cooling. The need for a large natural supply of cool- ing water for once-through cooling has usually been a prime factor in power plant site selection. The economy of scale for both nuclear and fossil units and the concern with the environmental effects of water temp- erature changes, combine to limit the locations that can use this form of heat dissipation. However, good engineering design together with pre- dictions of the temperature field and an assessment of biological effects will enable once-through cooling to remain a viable cooling process for stations sited on major rivers, reservoirs, large lakes, and coastal waters. Excess heat will dissipate from the water surface and return to its natural temperature within a reasonable distance from the location at which the heat is added. This distance depends on the amount of dilution of the heated condenser water by the receiving water. 1.6.1 Once-Through Cooling Heat is transferred from a water surface by evaporation, radiation and conduction. The percentage of the total heat transferred by evapora- tive transfer increases as the temperature of the water surface increases above its natural state. Since evaporative heat loss involves water loss as well, the consumptive water use of once-through cooling is proportional 18PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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