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to the percentage of the total heat transfer by evaporation. For a water surface at 5F above equilibrium, the heat loss by evaporation is about one-third of the total. For this case, the consumptive loss is about one per cent of the cooling water flow rate in a once-through cooling unit. Changes in the way heated water is discharged - and thereby in the temperature distribution in the receiving water - can minimize the bio- logical impact. Design possibilities range from complete stratification to complete mixing of the heated effluent. In stratification, the heated water is "floated" onto the receiving water in a relatively thin layer from a surface discharge. Heat dissipates to the atnosphere at a maximum rate and there are no temperature changes at or near he bottom of the receiving water. Because the heated surface layer spreads due to buoyancy, it must be prevented from re-entering the condenser water intake. Under certain conditions, a skimmer wall with an intake opening at the bottom may be used to control recirculation at the intake. Thermal discharge regulations that prescribe a maximum surface temperature increase in the receiving water usually prohibit highly stratified surface discharges. However, to achieve a lower surface temp- erature, the velocity at the exit of the surface discharge channel can be increased, thereby entraining more of the receiving water into the heated discharge. Complete mixing of the heated discharge with the available flow past the site is at the other extreme of possibilities. The condenser water is conducted through a diffuser pipe and discharged through nozzles or ports near the bottom of the waterway. Entrainment of surrounding water intothehighvelocityjetsproducesarapiddilution. Thisdischarge provides the most rapid temperature reduction within the smallest area, 19PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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