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but more heat is stored in the water body and the rate of heat dissipation from the surface is reduced. Reservoirs that were originally constructed for hydroelectric development are major sources of cooling water. Under certain conditions, the location of a thermal power plant on such a reservoir may improve the water quality. Because of solar heating at the water surface, reservoirs tend to stratify during the summer, and temperature differences of 35°F from surface to bottom are common. If the reservoir contains organic material loads, the cold hypolimnion (bottom) layers can become devoid of dissolved oxygen. The hydroelectric turbines usually take in water from near the bottom of the reservoir; thus, water quality in the river down- stream can be impaired. A thermal power plant that withdraws water from the lower levels and discharges at or near the surface will bring hypolim- nion water to the surface where it can be reaerated. This technique should not be used on small lakes or in reservoirs with a large number of cold- water fish or in which the heat could affect the thermal stability, delay the fall "overturn", and perhaps accelerate the eutrophication process. Once-through cooling is important in coastal waters where auxili- ary cooling alternatives are most limited. Except in shallow embayments, tidal and wind driven currents are generally available for rapid dispersion and dissipation of the added heat. The primary advantages of once-through cooling are the low con- sumptive use of water, the ability to tailor the temperature distribution field in the receiving water to meet biological objectives, and the dispersal of heat dissipation to the atmosphere over a large area. 20PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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