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The disadvantages of once-through cooling are related to the possible damage to aquatic life from higher water temperatures. Biochem- ical processes, including the rate of use of oxygen, increase with rising water temperature; the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen in soli- tion, however, decreases. Laboratory and field experiments have established the temperatures beyond which there is death or an impairment of biological functions for fish and other components of the food chain. Indirect effects, which are more difficult to measure and evaluate, include the possibility of increased susceptibility to disease and increases in predators or less desirable species. Precautions must also be taken to prevent damage to fish by trash racks and screens at the condenser water intake. Extensive efforts such as the development of moving fish screens and limitations on intake velocities have greatly reduced fish kills. Smaller organisms such as zooplankton pass through the intake-condenser-discharge system. The effects of their passage depend upon both the temperature rise and the time of exposure. Water temperature increases which approach the sub-lethal range of impaired biological activity should be avoided. Regulatory agencies limit maximum temperatures and specify allowable temperature rises (from 1-1/2° to 5F) for various types of receiving waters. There is no general agreement among aquatic biologists as to whether temperature increases in these magnitudes from waste heat are harmful. Natural daily temperature changes in most bodies of water are in the same range. 21PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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