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evaporation, evaporative cooling towers consume more water than once- through cooling processes; about3 percent of the total amount circulated must be replaced. A typical 1000 MW nuclear unit requires about 30 million gallons per day for make-up and bow-down. Cooling towers may pose environmental problems in certain areas. Fresh water supplies, especially in coastal regions, may not be large enough to replace water lost. Sea-water has been used as the coolant in certain instances, but the transport of water droplets out of the cooling tower, known as drift loss, is estimated to be in the range of one-tenth of one percent of the amount of water circulating. For a 1000 14W nuclear unit, the drift loss could be as much as 1 million gallons per day. As sea- water contains about 30,000 parts per million of dissolved salts, the pro- duction of salt after evaporation would amount to 125 tons per day in the plume downwind of the tower. Even if the drift loss is reduced by a full order of magnitude, the deposition of more than 10 tons of salt per day downwind may still be unacceptable. Mechanical-draft wet cooling towers are generally 50 to 75 feet in height. Air is forced through the spray by large motor-driven fans. Capital costs are appreciably lower than for the natural-draft towers, but much higher operating costs must be considered in comparing the two types. There are other problems; the low, moisture-laden plume can cause fog and ice espacially in cold, humid climates, and the recirculation of heated air between tower exit and intake may be troublesome. Dry cooling towers, whether natural or forced draft, avoid the difficulties of evaporation and drift loss as well as of fog and ice pro- duction. They transfer waste heat to the air passing through a fin-tube 23PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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