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The steam condensing temperature, T1, for a once-through system under static conditions is T =T +AT +TTD (1.5) T1 Ta r where T = ambient water temperature. AT is the temperature range of the ar condenser and is related to condenser flow as discussed in Section 1.5. The thermal inertia of a once-through system is very high, and in large bodies of water only seasonal changes in meteorological conditions will be felt. An important difference between a once-through system and a cool- ing pond is the limited volume of the latter. Hence, under steady state operation the temperature of the cooling pond will be raised until an equilibrium between waste heat input and heat emission from the water sur- face has been reached. The steam condensing temperature is then T =T.+AT +TTD (1.6) 11r T. is the condenser intake temperature under given waste heat load and 1 meteorological conditions. In order to evaluate Ti, a mathematical descrip- tion of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the cooling pond must be formulated. The thermal inertia of a cooling pond is related to the water depth in the pond and is typically on the order of several days. In wet cooling towers, the waste heat is directly emitted to the atmosphere. The theoretical minimum temperature to which the water can be cooled is the wet bulb temperature, Tb. Under practical conditions, Twb can only be approached within a certain limit, ATap, the approach. T1 = Twb + ATap + ATr + TTD (1.7) 26PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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