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The thermal inertia of cooling towers is very small, which means that te steam condensing temperature follows closely any changes in meteorological conditions. For dry cooling towers, the principal heat transfer mechanis:i- heat conduction between ambient air and the cooling water through the heat exchanger surfaces. The temperature minimum is in this case the dry bulb temperature, Tdb, hence T =T +ATap+AT +TTD (1.8) 1 db ap r The differences in steam condensing temperatures, as expressed in the above equations, have important implications on the operating character- istics of a power plant and on energy conservation. For a typical evalua- tion of these differences, including transient effects, a simulation example is given in section 2.4 of this report. 1.8 The Importance of Water Estimates of water usage for steam-electric power generation are compared with estimates for other types of energy conversion and refining processes in Figure 1-7 taken from Davis and Wood (1974). In Table 1-2, the total national water use (withdrawal and consumption) by steam-electric power plants in the U.S. is shown for 1975 and projections are shown for the years 1985 and 2000. These forecasts are derived from the Water Resource Council's (1977) capacity and generation estimates for steam-electric plants according to mode of cooling. (See Table 1-3 below.) Clearly the availability of water is one of the most important issues in the selection of a cooling system. Figure 1-8 depicts the approximate average and minimum river flow rates necessary to operate a 27PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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