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1000 MWe station with various cooling systems. It is assumed that once- through cooling is technically feasible at all coastal sites and on the largest lakes and rivers. Figure 1-9 indicates those rivers in the con- tiguous U.S. where once-through cooling is feasible based on the 7-day 10-year low flow criterion of Figure 1-8. At sites where this flow is not possible, recourse must be made to closed cycle cooling regions II, IV and V of Fig. 1-8). Evaporative cooling (towers, sprays, lakes and ponds) requires an average make-up water supply on the order of 30 cfs for a 1000 MWe plant. Where storage is not considered this must be supplied on a continuous basis, i.e., the minimum flow rate available for cooling must exceed the make-up and blow-down water requirements (region Il). If storage is possible (e.g., by use of a cooling lake or pond or by con- structing a storage pond to supply a cooling tower) the make-up water can be supplied on an intermittent basis and it is only necessary that the average flow rate exceed the make-up requirement (region IV). (The averaging interval will depend on the amount of storage.) When the make-up supply for evaporative cooling cannot be met in this way then recourse must be made to non-evaporative cooling, either in combination with wet cooling (wet/dry towers) or exclusively through dry towers (region V). These water availability considerations haves in fact, con- strained the utility industry's planning with regard to cooling system selection for their proposed new generating capacity. Table 1-3 presents data compiled by WRC (1977) on present (1975) and anticipated (year 2000) electrical capacity organized by cooling systems, and figure 1-10 shows how the added capacity (difference in the figures of Table 1.3 plus anticipated retirements minus upratings) will be distributed according to 31PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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