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designs. Subsequently, a long term fully-transient analysis can be per- formed to test the selected design(s). The various operating and capital costs which influence the economics of power plants cooled with ponds were considered. These costs include, primarily, circulating water pumps, land purchase and preparation, water consumption and lost generating capacity. Based on their simulated performance, the total production cost of each design was expressed as a function of these costs, in order to allow the evaluation of optimal designs. Figure 2-4 presents an example illustrating cooling pond costs versus land area for various land costs. A major consideration in the choice of a cooling pond is water consumption. Evaporation losses from a 1200 MWe nuclear station using a cooling pond have been compared with similar losses from plants using cooling towers at a number of locations in the U.S. Figure 2-5 is one ex- ample of this comparison and indicates, for ponds, both natural evapora- tion (that loss which would occur in the absence of artificial heat input) and forced evaporation (that which is due to artificial heat input) components. Figure 2-6 shows, for the same site, the annual forced and total pond eva- poration rates as a function of pond area. Several conclusions can be drawn from these figures: (1) forced evaporation from ponds is generally less than evaporation from wet towers, while total evaporation rates are comparable; (2) ponds exhibit greater monthly variation than do towers in both forced and total evaporation, and (3) total pond evaporation increases with pond area (over the range of areas 43PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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