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combination of reasons including environmental regulations. The large projected decrease in the use of once-through cooling (relative to wet towers) invites a number of questions concerning costs, environmental impact and natural resource requirements. In this part of the study several of these questions were addressed by estimating, regionally, the financial, energy and fresh water savings which could occur if more new plants were to employ once-through cooling than current plans suggest. A first step was to estimate required new generating capacity for each of the 18 U.S. Water Resources Council (WRC) regions through the year 2000, as a function of projected national energy demand. One estimate is based on data supplied by electric utilities for stations scheduled to be in operation by 1996, and extrapolated by the F.E.R.C. to the year 2000 (U.S.W.R.C., 1977). Figure 1-10 is based on this data. Since this is generally regarded as a high estimate of demand (it corresponds to an overall energy demand of 163 quads in 2000), a lower estimate (corresponding to 130 quads, or about two-thirds of FERC's projected growth) has been derived from ERDA forecasts (Williamson, et al., 1976). For each of the two energy demand scenarios, the percentage of plants which could utilize once-through cooling was estimated for several siting patterns. A base case siting pattern refers to the cooling systems reported by FERC (U.S.W.R.C., 1977). Other patterns of once-through cooling capacity are based on maximum allowable temperature rises (defined by minimum streamflows or specified surface areas for lake or coastal sites), historical patterns of cooling system selection, or both. Table 2-3 shows the percentage of new plants which could employ once-through cooling for each of five different siting patterns based on the high energy demand. 57PDF Image | WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
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