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All study cases for the EPS100 heat engine assume an evaporative-cooled system condenser. For most climates, the baseline cycle provides a good balance of performance. For high ambient temperature climates, especially where water restrictions are an operating constraint, a high- Figure 5: Compared to HRSG, an Echogen heat engine is estimated to cost less by 40 percent due to a more compact equipment set, smaller system footprint and lower balance of plant requirements for supercritical CO2. ambient, fully air-cooled version is under development. Reciprocating Engine Gensets with an sCO2 Bottoming Cycle The traditional approach of building large centralized power plants to address the increasing demand for electrical power is frequently hindered by social, economic and environmental constraints. Distributed generation (DG) has emerged as a desirable option for adding capacity and consists of relatively small generating units (typically less than 30 MWe) located at or near consumer sites to meet specific customer needs. DG units can provide incremental capacity at relativity low capital cost and can be brought online in less time compared to centralized power systems. For distributed generation applications, reciprocating internal combustion engines fueled by natural gas or diesel fuel are a widespread and well-known technology (7). Typical distributed generation applications include: natural gas compressor stations, on-site gensets at industrial facilities, standby or emergency back-up power units for large institutional facilities (e.g., hospitals, schools, electrical substations, cell phone towers, etc.), and small (< 25MW) gas turbine-based and multiple reciprocating engine-based electrical power generation plants for remote and rural locations such as the smaller towns and villages of Alaska, Northern Canada, Mexico, and in developing regions abroad. While distributed generation offers the advantages described above, the relatively small size of DG equipment results in lower overall efficiency than can be obtained with larger centralized power generation systems. As a result, a significant fraction of the fuel energy is unutilized, and escapes as waste heat. While this heat may be captured and utilized in providing thermal energy to the local site, in many cases local demand for this heat is much lower than the electrical demand – thus this energy continues to be underutilized. Electrical power usually remains the most fungible and in-demand product of the DG system. The conversion of relatively low-grade thermal energy to electrical power is traditionally accomplished through the use of heat recovery steam systems. While extremely successful at utility scales, the cost and performance of steam systems generally becomes unfavorable at the small scales commonly used in DG. The sCO2 Cycle scales well into smaller sizes from both a performance and economic perspective for bottom cycling reciprocating engine gensets. 4PDF Image | Waste Heat to Power WH2P Applications using SCO2
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