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repurpose this emission-free energy to the facility’s internal power grid to drive large process fans, blowers, pumps or motors, or sell it to the grid to support clean energy production, distribution and use to enable their local utility to meet their Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). This approach is summarized in Figure 6 using two Sankey Diagrams to visually compare the major flow of thermal and electrical power within a typical fuel-fired manufacturing process system without and with an sCO2 heat engine to generate emission-free electricity for improved plant energy efficiency. Table 3 further summarizes where these large quantities and varying qualities of waste heat are generated and how they are recovered and used. Table 3: Classification of Waste Heat Sources and Heat Recovery Applications HEAT SOURCE CLASS EXAMPLE INDUSTRIAL HEAT SOURCES TEMPERATURE RANGE APPLICATIONS ( °F ) HIGH > 1,200 °F (> 650 °C) NICKEL REFINING FURNACE STEEL ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE ALUMINUM REVERBERATORY FURNACE STEEL REHEAT FURNACE FUME INCINERATORS AND THERMAL OXIDIZERS GLASS MELTING FURNACE COKE OVEN COPPER REFINING FURNACE 2,500 – 3,000 2,500 – 3,000 2,200 2,000 – 2,200 1,700 – 1,900 1,200 – 2,600 2,400 – 2,800 1,200 – 1,800 1,400 – 1,500 ( °C ) 1,370 – 1,650 1,370 – 1,650 1,200 1,100 – 1,200 930 – 1,040 650 – 1,430 1,300 – 1,540 650 – 1,000 760 - 820 • HIGH-QUALITY THERMAL ENERGY • INDUSTRIAL PLANT FOR LARGE-SCALE MATERIALS MANUFACTURING • WASTE HEAT TO POWER (WH2P) • COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) • COMBINED HEAT, COOLING AND POWER (TRIGENERATION) MEDIUM 450 – 1,200 °F (230 – 650 °C) LOW < 450 °F (< 230 °C) STEAM BOILER EXHAUST GAS TURBINE EXHAUST RECIPROCATING ENGINE EXHAUST HEAT TREATING FURNACE DRYING AND BAKING FURNACE CERAMIC KILNS CEMENT KILNS PROCESS STEAM CONDENSATE HOT PROCESS LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS DRYING, BAKING AND CURING OVENS HRSG EXHAUST ETHYLENE FURNACE EXHAUST GAS-FIRED BOILER EXHAUST COOLING WATER RETURN, FURNACE DOORS COOLING WATER RETURN, ANNEALING FURNACES COOLING WATER RETURN, IC ENGINES COOLING WATER RETURN, REFRIGERATION CONDENSERS Sources: Echogen Power Systems; U.S. DOE Midwest Clean Energy Application Center (MCEAC); www.midwestcleanenergy.org; and Refs (9 and 10). 450 – 900 700 – 1,000 600 – 1,100 800 – 1,200 450 – 1,100 840 – 1,150 840 – 1,150 130 – 190 90 – 450 200 – 450 150 – 450 150 – 450 150 – 450 90 – 130 150 – 450 150 – 250 90 - 110 230 – 480 370 – 540 320 – 590 430 – 650 230 – 590 450 – 620 450 - 620 • MEDIUM-QUALITY THERMAL ENERGY • TRADITIONAL FOSSIL FUEL POWER AND STEAM GENERATION • INDUSTRIAL PLANTS FOR LARGE-SCALE MATERIALS MANUFACTURING • ON-SITE AND DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION • TYPICAL HEAT SOURCES FOR BOTTOMING CYCLE APPLICATIONS • COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION • WASTE HEAT TO POWER (WH2P) • COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) • COMBINED HEAT, COOLING AND POWER (TRIGENERATION) 50 – 90 30 – 230 90 – 230 70 – 230 70 – 230 70 – 230 30 – 50 70 – 230 70 – 120 30 - 40 • LOW-QUALITY THERMAL ENERGY • INDUSTRIAL PLANTS FOR LIGHT MATERIALS, PULP/PAPER, PLASTICS, FOOD, PHARMACEUTICALS, AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS PROCESSING • COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) • COMBINED HEAT, COOLING AND POWER (TRIGENERATION) • PROCESS WATER AND AIR HEATING AND COOLING 7PDF Image | Waste Heat to Power WH2P Applications using SCO2
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