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(Maxxtec, GMK), and Dutch (Tri-O-Gen). Strengths and weaknesses Obviously the biggest weakness of the technology is the apparent low conversion efficiency (between 10 and 20%). However the main reason of this low value is the low operating temperature: for the same operating temperatures a steam cycle will not achieve a higher efficiency. The use of certain fluids also causes more stringent security measures compared to the steam cycle because of their flammability, explosiveness and toxicity in some cases. The main advantages of the ORC technology compared to steam plants are: Large inlet temperatures distribution from 450°C down to below 100°C; ORC modules are easy to install (compact, skid-mounted standard module), easy to operate, and reach great availability (>98%); ORC modules require low maintenance (no droplet erosion in the turbine, low pressure evaporator, automation); Small units (down to 30kWe) are available allowing valorisation of many thermal sources; Sizes range from a few kWe to several MWe. For power capacities lower than 2MWe, steam power plants are usually not well adapted. In particular, the operation and maintenance costs of the equivalent steam power plant are higher and its efficiency is lower. Example 1: Waste heat recovery projects in steel mill Potential overview In 2007, the energy consumption of industry in France represented 23% (37 million toe1) of the total energy consumption2. Due to the efforts of and changes in industrial activities, its portion has been decreasing since the 1970s (when industry represented 36% of total energy consumption). However, it seems that the sector’s consumption has reached a plateau since the early 2000s. In France, the main industrial consumer of energy is the steel industry (18% of total consumption), followed by the agro-industry (14%) and the organic petrochemical industry (13%). In the steel industry, most of the stages in the production process (Cowper, slab kilns, Coking Plant, etc.) release a large amount of energy in the form of wasted heat. These sources are at different temperature levels (between 50°C and 350°C), which are 1 Ton oil equivalent 2 French government dataPDF Image | Waste heat recovery projects using ORC
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