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too low to be valorised through a steam cycle. Due to the lack of technical solutions (high investment costs, in-sufficient efficiency, safety issues...) these sources have been left un-valorised. Some heat sources with similar characteristics can be found in cement and glass factories3. Outside of the industrial production field, recovering heat from the exhaust of gas turbines or gas or diesel engines to generate additional electricity is also feasible using ORC technology. The capability of ORC modules to valorise low temperature heat sources allows the use of this technology for numerous waste heat recovery projects in industry for power generation. Potential sources are high temperature sources from kilns as well as heat flux at around 100°C. The potential for project implementation is tremendous. Just in continental France, over 50MWe could be implemented in steel factories and more than 15MWe in cement factories4. Some successful examples of ORC implementations can already be seen around the world for waste heat recovery in industry or from gas engines. ORC modules are appreciated for their ease of implementation and operation. Modules do not disturb the industrial process and are automatically turned off when the process is off. This first example presents an overview of a waste heat recovery study carried out in 2009 and focuses on evaluating the possibility of low heat valorisation in a French steel mill by ORC technology. Waste heat recovery particularities In the case of industrial waste heat recovery projects, the design phase is absolutely critical. The industrial process is the priority and should not be disturbed. The industrial process might fluctuate, and therefore the characteristics of the heat source (flow, temperature, etc.) might also be modified. For this reason it is necessary to select a module that will enable the highest electrical power production, which is not always the one with the highest efficiency5. A module operating at low temperatures will have a lower efficiency, but will enable to recover more thermal energy (flue gas will be released at a lower temperature from the heat exchanger) and may therefore produce more power than a high temperature module. One of the strength of ORC technology is the availability of a large range of fluids and potential cycles, allowing the optimization of the performance of the waste heat recovery installation, taking into account the characteristics of each source. Case study heat source presentation 3 Engin T.& Ari V., Energy auditing and recovery for dry type cement rotary kiln systems–A casestudy, Energy Conversion and Management 46 551–562, 2005 4 French Chemical Society, 2005 5 Joost J. Brasz, 2008, Assessment of C6F as working fluid for organic Rankine cycle applications.PDF Image | Waste heat recovery projects using ORC
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