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Market Barriers Technical Barriers. The principal hurdle for WHP systems is the heat recovery itself. While the power generation equipment is commercially established and relatively standardized, each heat recovery situation presents unique challenges. Some of the project-specific technical issues that affect project economics include: • The waste heat sources at a plant are dispersed and difficult to reach or consolidate, or are from non- continuous or batch processes. • Seasonal operations and low-volume operations reduce the economic benefits of WHP. • Waste heat sources often contain chemical and/or mechanical contaminants that impact the complexity, cost, and efficiency of the heat recovery process • There may be added cost and complexity for integrating the WHP system controls with existing process controls. • Space limitations and equipment configurations make WHP systems difficult or impossible to site economically. Business Barriers. As industry recovers from the 2008 economic downturn, many businesses are reluctant to make investments that do not increase production and ensure their economic survival. They are especially reluctant to take on projects with perceived risks, such as energy recovery projects that are outside of their core business. These concerns often lead to unrealistically high project hurdle rates for capital-intensive WHP projects. Small projects (less than $5 million) can be particularly difficult to develop because the returns are often reduced by the costs of due diligence, permitting, and siting. The economic downturn has exacerbated the inherent risk of financing projects with long paybacks, especially projects dependent on uncertain future fuel prices and variable electricity rates. Securing financing from banks for WHP projects is a challenge because the systems can be technically complicated, and they combine the risk associated with power generation with the risk inherent in the primary business itself (i.e., there is no heat to recover if the plant shuts down). There is also a general lack of end-user awareness of WHP technologies and how to implement them. Few technology demonstrations or case studies currently exist, and most projects are very site- and process-specific. There is resistance to accept new, unproven technology that could potentially jeopardize existing production processes, despite significant potential benefits. Regulatory Barriers. Economic issues related to equipment costs and forecasted energy savings may be the greatest determinant of a successful WHP project; however, regulations and policies can have a substantial impact on project economics. For example, if the power cannot be used on site, projects will require a power purchase agreement with the utility. This is the case with WHP systems on natural gas pipeline compressor stations. While 20 ORC-based systems have been installed in North America since 1999, all projects to date are in states or provinces with renewable portfolio standards (RPS) or environmental credit systems that recognize waste heat as a renewable or “renewable equivalent” resource. Prices offered for export power are usually low in the absence of some sort of emissions credit system. Because power from WHP systems produces no additional GHG emissions if supplemental fuel firing is not used, industry advocates believe the technology warrants incentives similar to those enjoyed by other clean energy technologies. To date, these incentives are in place only in certain states. Currently, nine of 29 states with binding RPS15 include WHP as a qualifying source (i.e., Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia), while six states with nonbinding renewable energy goals include WHP in some fashion (i.e., Indiana, Louisiana [pilot program], 15 http://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/othr-mkts/renew/othr-rnw-rps.pdf 7PDF Image | WASTE HEAT TO POWER SYSTEMS
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