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Chapter 1 Introduction The energy industry has arguably been one of the primary drivers for the world’s growing economies from the early twentieth century to the present. The strive to become energy independent and meet the demand has increased the dependence on fossil fuels leading to climate change. While the mandate of the energy industry in the twentieth century was to provide power to consumers, anywhere, anytime and at an affordable price, the mandate as we progress in the second decade of the twenty-first century is much more complex, demanding not only reliable but cleaner and more efficient power. With the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere recently touching the milestone level of 400 parts per million (ppm)[2], efforts are being made to develop new renewable technologies such as solar, wind or geothermal power. But the penetration of these technologies into the energy market is relatively small compared to the conventional sources of energy. Additionally, the highly energy intensive industrial installations reject heat which accounts for more than 50% of the heat generated [3]. With reports on Germany switching to coal-fired (albeit cleaner coal) in order to com- pensate for the shutting down of the nuclear power stations [4], the need of the hour is to find a technology which can serve as a "bridge to the future". This transition technology should not only accelerate the process of implementation of the clean and new technologies but also address the requirements of industrial heat recovery. Conventional steam power cy- cles has its limitations in recovering low grade waste heat. It is thus necessary to analyze other possibilities which can serve such purpose. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one such technology which is ideally suited for this application. The following section introduces the ORC technology. 1-1 Organic Rankine Cycle ORC is a promising technology which involves conversion of heat from any source including renewable sources like solar, geothermal, biomass, etc or waste heat to power[5]. The system is similar to the conventional Rankine cycle except for some differences, the major being the Master of Science Thesis Akshay HattiangadiPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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