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4 Introduction Pump consumption : The amount of power consumed by the pump is proportional to the liquid volume flow rate and to the pressure difference between outlet and inlet. ORC systems have a higher volumetric flow rate and hence require relatively more pump power. Maximum Cycle Pressure : The boiler in a steam cycle is usually subjected to high pressures of around 70 bar which increases the complexity and the costs [6]. ORC systems are generally used in small scale applications where compact plate-type heat exchangers are used which impose a technical limitation on the maximum pressure which is usually not more than 40 bar. Working Fluid characteristics : Water as a working fluid is inexpensive, non-toxic, non- flammable, has low Global Warming Potential and zero Ozone Depleting Potential, chemically stable and low viscosity (and thus lower friction losses and higher heat exchange coefficients). However, a water-treatment and a deaerator must be integrated with the power plant to feed the cycle with high-purity deionized, oxygen free water. Organic fluids may be relatively toxic and is more expensive than water (excluding cost of pre-treatment). Chen et. al. [12] suggests that mass production or use of low cost hydrocarbon can reduce the costs. Turbine design : The pressure ratio and the enthalpy drop over the turbine are very high in case of a steam cycle. As a consequence, turbines with several expansion stages are commonly used. In ORC cycles, the enthalpy drop is much lower, and hence a single or low number of stages in a turbine should suffice hence lowering the costs. In summary, ORC presents a good business case for decentralized power generation typically of the order of less than a few MW. The modularity and versatility of this technology allows for the integration of ORC into currently used plants as a bottoming cycle. Some of the typical applications mentioned in reviews done by Vélez et.al [3], Tchanhe et. al [11], Chen et. al. [12], Quolin et.al. [6], Vankeirsbilck et. al. [10] are solar thermal systems, industrial waste heat recovery, biomass combined heat and power systems, ocean thermal energy con- version, geothermal applications, automotive waste heat recovery. For more details on these applications, the interested reader can refer to the references mentioned in the previous lines. The following section describes the current market scenario in ORC systems. 1-1-2 Market Scenario Following the OPEC oil embargo in the 1970’s, the need to research and develop alternative energy sources increased. ORC system manufacturers have been present in the market ever since due to this reason. Some of the major players are Turboden, ORMAT, Tri-o-gen and Enertime. Table 1-1 lists some of the ORC unit manufacturers. The ORC market has been growing at an almost exponential rate. Figure 1-3 illustrates the evolution of installed power and the number of plants in operation, based on a compilation of manufacturer data. Figure 1-3 also reveals that ORC is a mature technology for waste heat recovery, biomass-CHP and geothermal power, but it is still niche for solar applications. Moreover, systems are mainly installed in the MW power range and very few ORC plants exist in the kW power range [6]. Akshay Hattiangadi Master of Science ThesisPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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